Advection-diffusion-settling of deep-sea mining sediment plumes. Part 1: Midwater plumes

The evolution of midwater sediment plumes associated with deep-sea mining activities is investigated in the passive-transport phase using a simplified advection–diffusion-settling model. Key metrics that characterize extent are defined based on concentration threshold. Namely, we consider volume flux fluid ever exceeds threshold, furthest distance from and maximum depth below intrusion where plume instantaneous excess Formulas derived for provide insight into parameters most strongly affect plume. model applied to reference scenario around which key varied. results some sense scale plumes, but more significantly demonstrate importance influence plumes. shows discharge mass flow rate threshold play an equal opposite role setting Ambient ocean turbulence settling velocity distribution particles lesser yet significant extent, can different opposing ways.